tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-39786914611962063822024-03-04T21:29:23.325-08:00Sejarah FisikaLauraJutexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07660422417062604739noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3978691461196206382.post-58907098811408953492012-02-25T06:22:00.006-08:002012-02-25T08:41:08.844-08:00Fisika Konkrit Empiris<link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">SEJARAH FISIKA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 150%;">FISIKA KONKRIT EMPIRIS</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO4uyX2Wof_88ShNjzwlv8I-tcr_W6a75lM8EtzQg_r6K5tdBXHx_89eMjAUP5b8m7zP6ksOo_2lhJL0whTk4kVWniEehBIa7Rnvm4bhVi7ezk0fw5mR7mx6RuM1sxQYwC9-creR-e4VyQ/s1600/unsrii.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO4uyX2Wof_88ShNjzwlv8I-tcr_W6a75lM8EtzQg_r6K5tdBXHx_89eMjAUP5b8m7zP6ksOo_2lhJL0whTk4kVWniEehBIa7Rnvm4bhVi7ezk0fw5mR7mx6RuM1sxQYwC9-creR-e4VyQ/s1600/unsrii.jpg" /></a></div><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bernard MT Condensed","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDKAN FISIKA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bernard MT Condensed","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bernard MT Condensed","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS SRIWIJAYA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bernard MT Condensed","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">20011</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Bernard MT Condensed","serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h3><h3 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">I.1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">LATAR BELAKANG<o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Fisika (Bahasa Yunani</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">(physikos)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> "alamiah", dan (physis)</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> "Alam") adalah sains atau ilmu tentang alam dalam makna yang terluas.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Fisika mempelajari gejala alam yang tidak hidup atau materi dalam lingkup ruang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">dan waktu.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa sifat yang dipelajari dalam fisika merupakan sifat yang ada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">dalam semua sistem materi yang ada, seperti hukum kekekalan energi. Sifat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">semacam ini sering disebut sebagai hukum fisika. Fisika sering disebut sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">"ilmu paling mendasar", karena setiap ilmu alam lainnya (biologi, kimia, geologi,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">dan lain-lain) mempelajari jenis sistem materi tertentu yang mematuhi h</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">u</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">kum</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">fisika.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Sejak jaman purbakala, orang telah mencoba untuk mengerti sifat dari benda: mengapa objek yang tidak ditopang jatuh ke tanah, mengapa material yang berbeda memiliki properti yang berbeda, dan seterusnya. Lainnya adalah sifat dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">jagad raya, seperti bentuk Bumi dan sifat dari objek celestial seperti Matahari dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Bulan.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Sejarah fisika dimulai pada tahun sekitar </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">2400 SM</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">, ketika kebudayaan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Harappan menggunakan suatu benda untuk memperkirakan dan menghitung sudut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">bintang di angkasa. Sejak saat itu fisika terus berkembang sampai ke level</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">sekarang.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Di era ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">ilmuwan tidak melihat adanya penyempurnaan di bidang ilmu pengetahuan,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">pertanyaan demi pertanyaan terus bermunculan tanpa henti, dari luasnya galaksi,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">sifat alami dari kondisi vakum sampai lingkungan subatomik. Daftar persoalan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">mana fisikawan harus pecahkan terus</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">bertambah dari waktu ke waktu.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa teori diusulkan dan banyak yang salah. Teori tersebut banyak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">tergantung dari istilah filosofi, dan tidak pernah dipastikan oleh eksperimen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">sistematik seperti yang populer sekarang ini.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p> </span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Budaya penelitian fisika berbeda dengan ilmu lainnya karena adanya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">pemisahan teori dan eksperimen. Sejak </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">abad kedua puluh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">, kebanyakan fisikawan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">perseorangan mengkhususkan diri meneliti dalam fisika teoritis atau fisika</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">eksperimental saja, dan pada abad kedua puluh, sedikit saja yang berhasil dalam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">kedua bidang tersebut. Sebaliknya, hampir semua teoris dalam biologi dan kimia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">juga merupakan eksperimentalis yang sukses.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Teoris berusaha mengembangkan teori yang dapat menjelaskan hasil</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">eksperimen yang telah dicoba dan dapat memperkirakan hasil eksperimen yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">akan datang. Sementara itu, eksperimentalis menyusun dan melaksanakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">eksperimen untuk menguji perkiraan teoretis. Meskipun teori dan eksperimen</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">dikembangkan secara terpisah, mereka saling bergantung. Kemajuan dalam fisika</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">biasanya muncul ketika eksperimentalis membuat penemuan yang tak dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">dijelaska teori yang ada, sehingga mengharuskan dirumuskannya teori-teori baru.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Fisika konkrit empiris membahas tentang fisikawan- fisikawan tokoh- tokoh revolusioner dengan teori- teori yang mereka temukan melalui eskperimen. Antara lain seorang astronom Jerman yaitu Johannes Kepler, seorang fisikawan Italia kelahiran Faenza yaitu Evangelista Torricelli, dan masih banyak lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Fisika konkrit empiris merupakan ilmu fisika yang memiliki ciri- ciri ilmu kealaman berdasarkan teori, pengamatan (observasi) dan ekperimen. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Lewis menambahkan bahwa </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">fisika dengan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">ciri empiris, sebagai ciri umum ilmu</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">elah memperoleh legitimasi melalui kesepakatan para ilmuan dan para filsuf.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> Tegasnya lagi,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> c</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">iri empiris pada dasarnya merupakan ciri ilmu-ilmu kealaman yang bertumpu pada generalisasi-generalisasi yang berdasarkan pengamatan (observasi) dan eksperimentasi, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">b</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">ercirikan model penyelidikan ilmu-ilmu alam.</span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">I.2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">RUMUSAN MASALAH<o:p></o:p></span></h3><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 0.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan uraian latar belakang di atas, selanjutnya dapat ditarik kesimpulan suatu fokus permasalahan bahwa :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa yang mendasari fisika merupakan Ilmu kealaman Yang memiliki ciri empiris?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana sejarah tokoh- tokoh revolusioner fisika dan penemuannya pada bahasan?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana sejarah penemuan hukum kepler dan percobaan Torricelli?<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2cm; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana p</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">erkembangan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">s</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ejarah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">f</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">isika </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">p</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">p</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">eriode II ( 1550 M – 1800 M) “Fisika Konkret Empiris”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">?</span></div><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">I.3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN DAN MANFAAT MAKALAH<o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Dengan kita mempelajari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">p</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">erkembangan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">s</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">ejarah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">f</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">isika </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">p</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">ada </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">p</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">eriode II ( 1550 M – 1800 M) “Fisika Konkret Empiris”</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">, biografi dan latar belakang tokoh- tokoh revolusioner, serta penemuan dan aplikasinya, kita dapat menambah wawasan dan lebih memahami dari mana asal benda- benda atau materi yang ada di sekitar kita.<o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat<o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Dapat mengetahui sejarah tokoh- tokoh fisika dan penemuannya.<o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Agar mengetahui aplikasi setiap penemuan tokoh- tokoh pada bidang teknologi.<o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Agar dapat mengetahui metode,</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">proses, dan produk tentang penemuan </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">penemuan tokoh- tokoh revolusioner fisika.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1cm;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Dapat mengetahui p</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">erkembangan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">s</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">ejarah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">f</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">isika </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">p</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">ada </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">p</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">eriode II ( 1550 M – 1800 M) “Fisika Konkret Empiris”</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">ISI<o:p></o:p></span></div><h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Fisika konkrit empiris merupakan ilmu fisika yang memiliki ciri- ciri ilmu kealaman berdasarkan teori, pengamatan (observasi) dan ekperimen.<o:p></o:p></span></h3><h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Fisika konkrit empiris membahas tentang fisikawan- fisikawan atau tokoh- tokoh revolusioner dengan teori- teori yang mereka temukan melalui eskperimen. Antara lain Johannes Kepler, Evangelista Torricelli, Pascal, Isaac Newton, Galvani, Bernouli, James Watt. Namun pada kesempatan kali ini kita membahas tentang seorang astronom Jerman yaitu Johannes Kepler, seorang fisikawan Italia kelahiran Faenza yaitu Evangelista Torricelli, dan masih banyak lagi.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">II.1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">JOHANNES KEPLER<o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Biografi dan Latar Belakang</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiohbvN34mk4k85ASeRTsDQN_60FodwGh_YmjcHrSh4lhrzXJt1HH9LSRFoTLV8a5RvUakXfE563QfAEWlqCudPhpaYGYUNFTTzO3mjqmjXY43VikNogEnmrV6mJ6ni6BWPx7rdXgO-zSoB/s1600/Johannes+Kepler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br />
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">J</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ohannes</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Kepler </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lahir pada tanggal 27 Desember 1571 di Weil derstadt Jerman</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, seorang tokoh penting dalam revolusi ilmiah, adalah seorang astronom Jerman, matematikawan dan astrolog dia paling dikenal dengan hukum gerak planetnya</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia meninggal pada tahun 1630 tanggal 15</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">November di Regensburg Barvana-Jerman.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepler dibesarkan dalam keadaan yang banyak masalah. Bibinya dibakar dituduh sebagai penyihir. Dan Ibunya hampir bernasib sama. Anak ini sering sakit-sakitan dan memiliki penglihatan yang buruk yang tidak dapat diperbaiki dengan kacamata.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejak kecil ia sudah sering berkenalan dengan gejala langit dan benda langit. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahun 1577 bersama ibunya ia menyaksikan munculnya komet. Dan pada tahun 1580 bersama ayahnya ia menyaksikan gerhana matahari. Kepler sangat cerdas sehingga ia mendapat beasiswa untuk kuliah di Universitas </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tüũbingen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> untuk belajar teologi, filsafat dan matematika. </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia sempat mengajar matematika dan dasar</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dasar astronomi di Universitas Graz Austria. Pada tahun 1584 ia masuk ke seminar Adelberg untuk bersekolah. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> tahun 1588 ia memperoleh gelar sarjana penuh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tahun 1597 dia mengambil posisi sebagai asisten Tycho Brahe</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> di</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Observatorium Benatek, Praha</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, seorang astronom Jerman yang terkenal. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika Tycho meninggal pada tahun 1601, dia meninggalkan catatan-catatannya dan tabel bacaan planet kepada Kepler </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">K</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">epler menggantikan kedudukannya sebagai Kepala Observatorium dan matematikus kerajaan. Tycho meninggalkan data tentang posisi 777 bintang tetap yang belum lengkap. Salah satu tugas Kepler adalah melengkapi data</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">–</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">data dari Tycho untuk menyusun tabel planet. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk memperoleh manfaat sepenuhnya dari kumpulan pengamatan Brahe tentang planet, Kepler perlu lebih banyak memahami tentang pembiasan cahaya. Bagaimana pantulan cahaya dari sebuah planet dibiaskan sewaktu memasuki atmosfer bumi? Penjelasan Kepler tertuang dalam buku <i>Supplement to Witelo, Expounding the Optical Part of Astronomy</i> (Suplemen untuk Witelo, Menjabarkan Bagian Optik dari Astronomi), yang lebih banyak memberikan perincian tentang karya Witelo, Ilmuwan Abad Pertengahan. Buku Kepler itu adalah tonggak sejarah di bidang optik. Ia adalah orang pertama yang menjelaskan cara kerja mata.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diperlengkapi dengan tabel-tabel pengamatan gerakan planet yang disusun oleh </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tycho </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Brahe, Kepler mempelajari gerakan kosmis dan menarik kesimpulan berdasarkan apa yang ia lihat. Selain jenius dalam soal angka, ia juga mempunyai tekad yang kuat dan rasa ingin tahu yang tak habis-habisnya. Kesanggupannya yang luar biasa untuk bekerja dibuktikan oleh ke-7200 perhitungan rumit yang ia rampungkan sewaktu mempelajari tabel-tabel pengamatan tentang Mars.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dan, Mars-lah yang pertama-tama menarik perhatian Kepler. Akan tetapi, Kepler sadar bahwa kunci untuk menyibakkan rahasia langit bukanlah Mars, melainkan planet Bumi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari pada</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> menggunakan tabel-tabel itu untuk menyelidiki Mars, Kepler membayangkan dirinya sedang berdiri di Mars dan melihat ke Bumi. Ia menghitung kecepatan gerakan bumi bervariasi dan berbanding terbalik dengan jaraknya matahari.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepler mendapatkan orbit planet Mars. Menurut Kepler, lintasan berbentuk </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elips" target="_parent" title="Elips"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">elips</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah gerakan yang paling sesuai untuk orbit planet yang mengitari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matahari" target="_parent" title="Matahari"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">matahari</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Dalam satu rentang waktu yang sama, planet bergerak menyapu daerah yang sama panjangnya. Karena orbit planet berbentuk elips, maka konsekuensinya makin dekat jarak planet ke Matahari, makin cepat pula gerak orbitnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap panet bergerak dengan membentuk lintasan tertentu dan semua bergerak dengan orbit yang sama. Dari tahun 1580 sampai 1600, didapatkan ada 10 oposisi Mars berdasarkan catatan Tycho Brahe, sedangkan menurut catatan David Fabricus dan Kepler sendiri menunjukkan dua oposisi lagi dari tahun 1602 – 1604. dengan data 12 oposisi Mars, Kepler memecahkan rahasia gerak plenet Mars itu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Planet Mars begerak mengelilingi matahari dengan lintasan tertentu dapat berupa parabola, hiperbola, lingkaran ataupun ellips. Planet bergerak dengan lintasan ellips. Tanpa menggunakan alat bantu hitung, Kepler harus mencoba untuk menghitung-hitung berkali-kali dan dari hasil perhitungan itu ia menemukan bahwa orbit lingkaran tidak cocok dengan data dari Tycho Brahe.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" target="_parent" title="Johannes Kepler"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Kepler</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> berusaha mencocokkan berbagai bentuk kurva geometri pada data-data posisi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars" target="_parent" title="Mars"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">planet Mars</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang dikumpulkan oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" target="_parent" title="Tycho Brahe"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Tycho </span></a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" target="_parent" title="Tycho Brahe"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Brahe</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekarang, Kepler mengerti bahwa matahari bukan sekadar pusat dari tata surya. Matahari juga berfungsi seperti sebuah magnet, berputar pada porosnya dan mempengaruhi gerakan planet-</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">planet. Bagi Kepler, semua planet adalah benda-benda fisik yang dengan harmonis diatur oleh serangkaian hukum yang beragam. Apa yang telah ia pelajari dari Mars dan Bumi pasti berlaku juga atas semua planet. Jadi, ia menyimpulkan bahwa setiap planet mengitari matahari dalam orbit elips pada kecepatan yang bervariasi sesuai dengan jaraknya dari matahari.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-indent: 27.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-indent: -1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum Kepler Tentang Gerak Planet<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada tiga hukum Kepler tentang gerak planet. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiga hukum ini mendefinisikan dasar-dasar gerakan planet: bentuk orbit planet yang mengitari matahari, kecepatan gerakan planet, dan hubungan antara jarak sebuah planet dari matahari dan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menyelesaikan satu putaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahun 1609, Kepler menerbitkan buku <i>New Astronomy</i> (Astronmi Baru), yang diakui sebagai buku astronomi modern yang pertama dan salah satu buku terpenting yang pernah ditulis tentang subjek itu. Mahakarya ini memuat dua hukum Kepler yang pertama tentang gerakan planet. Hukumnya yang ketiga diterbitkan dalam buku <i>Harmonies of the World</i> (Keharmonisan Dunia) pada tahun 1619, sewaktu ia tinggal di Linz, Austria.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahun 1627, ia menerbitkan buku <i>Rudolphine Tables</i> (Tabel-Tabel Rudolphine), yang ia anggap sebagai karya utamanya di bidang astronomi. Tidak seperti buku-buku terdahulu, buku ini diberi acungan jempol di mana-mana, dan segera menjadi buku wajib bagi para astronom dan navigator.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">astronomi</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, tiga <b>Hukum Gerakan Planet Kepler</b> adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-indent: -1cm;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap planet bergerak dengan lintasan elips, matahari berada di salah satu fokusnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-indent: -1cm;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Luas daerah yang disapu pada selang waktu yang sama akan selalu sama.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-indent: -1cm;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perioda kuadrat suatu planet berbanding dengan pangkat tiga jarak rata-ratanya dari matahari.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketiga hukum diatas ditemukan oleh ahli matematika dan astronomi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Jerman</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Johannes Kepler</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (1571–1630), yang menjelaskan gerakan planet di dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_surya" title="Tata surya"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">tata surya</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Hukum di atas menjabarkan gerakan dua benda yang saling mengorbit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karya Kepler didasari oleh data pengamatan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Tycho Brahe</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, yang diterbitkannya sebagai <i>'Rudolphine tables'</i>. Sekitar tahun 1605, Kepler menyimpulkan bahwa data posisi planet hasil pengamatan Brahe mengikuti rumusan matematika cukup sederhana yang tercantum di atas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ungkapan Kepler bahwa Bumi beredar sekeliling, berbentuk elips dan bukannya epicycle, dan membuktikan bahwa kecepatan gerak planet bervariasi, mengubah astronomi dan fisika. Hampir seabad kemudian, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton"><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Isaac Newton</span></a><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> mendeduksi Hukum Kepler dari rumusan hukum karyanya, hukum gerak dan hukum gravitasi Newton, dengan menggunakan Euclidean geometri klasik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum ini kemudian diaplikasikan untuk semua benda kecil yang mengorbit benda lain yang jauh lebih besar, walaupun beberapa aspek seperti gesekan atmosfer (contoh: gerakan di orbit rendah), atau relativitas (contoh: prosesi perihelion Merkurius), dan keberadaan benda lainnya dapat membuat hasil hitungan tidak akurat dalam berbagai keperluan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-indent: -1cm;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum I Kepler</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKXiN13U5-9rAF_DNsw572H7jtNcSXPsJ7sL8D-dtMg0egx83mTaBuDdu_rSQN803iE38vFbsDyk9sVQMlUi_Rx_Q6-U5_P-4rdyTEajFIMJzLJr2IBrw1UOZu-Nxv1Iypno-8E_1IDX7P/s1600/Hukum+I+Kepler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKXiN13U5-9rAF_DNsw572H7jtNcSXPsJ7sL8D-dtMg0egx83mTaBuDdu_rSQN803iE38vFbsDyk9sVQMlUi_Rx_Q6-U5_P-4rdyTEajFIMJzLJr2IBrw1UOZu-Nxv1Iypno-8E_1IDX7P/s1600/Hukum+I+Kepler.jpg" /></a></div><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">M</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">enempatkan Matahari di satu titik fokus edaran elips.</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Elips merupakan sebuah kurva tertutup sehingga</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">jumlah jarak pada sembarang titik </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pada kurva itu kedua titik yang tetap (disebut fokus, F</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">’</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">S</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ) tetap konstan.</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu, jumlah jarak F</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">’C</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> + </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SC </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tetap sama untuk semua titik pada kurva.</span><br />
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</style></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bunyi :<o:p></o:p> "Setiap planet bergerak dengan lintasan elips, matahari berada di salah satu fokusnya."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum II Kepler</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO8kM4m4cbA7D8IJsUJV9yLHasQjudNrjaBe2IEli2T-konlh6_lODYQX7TBdHgpRyBGctKuekbrKqHUGZbRPylNiCzqgrNp2qbE2YvzkoDlqrqgU7svj0UgUbDXOkdG-xljmsdj9SMINm/s1600/hk+III+newton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO8kM4m4cbA7D8IJsUJV9yLHasQjudNrjaBe2IEli2T-konlh6_lODYQX7TBdHgpRyBGctKuekbrKqHUGZbRPylNiCzqgrNp2qbE2YvzkoDlqrqgU7svj0UgUbDXOkdG-xljmsdj9SMINm/s1600/hk+III+newton.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;"><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Planet bergerak lebih cepat di dekat matahari dan lambat di jarak yang jauh. Sehingga, jumlah area adalah sama pada jangka waktu tertentu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;"><m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum III Kepler<o:p></o:p></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Planet yang terletak jauh dari matahari memiliki perioda orbit yang lebih panjang dari planet yang dekat letaknya. Hukum Kepler ketiga menjabarkan hal tersebut secara kuantitatif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bunyi :<o:p></o:p></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> "Perioda kuadrat suatu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">orbit </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">planet berbanding dengan pangkat tiga jarak rata-ratanya dari matahari."</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara matematis:<o:p></o:p></span> <span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJq7M0oVhyq4yUswn0XhphjxSiGW6a7CKffzWtcOUgtCz0uMCWrHuDdL9YSBLfwU6u20cut7IboYyO26aHGKWehuqEAunrZ6oOsyZI4bYc66utJ4f73Gc_yNhnFXJGYaQp7CxP0pY-ra6P/s1600/p+&+a.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJq7M0oVhyq4yUswn0XhphjxSiGW6a7CKffzWtcOUgtCz0uMCWrHuDdL9YSBLfwU6u20cut7IboYyO26aHGKWehuqEAunrZ6oOsyZI4bYc66utJ4f73Gc_yNhnFXJGYaQp7CxP0pY-ra6P/s1600/p+&+a.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;"><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">dengan <span class="texhtml"><i>P</i></span> adalah perioda orbit planet dan <span class="texhtml"><i>a</i></span> adalah sumbu semimajor orbitnya.</span></span></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;"><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;">Konstant proporsionalitasnya adalah semua sama untuk planet yang mengedar matahari.</span></span></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJkB-FG8R6bs5PZXYVxhM7ng9wozJQ6vpqSeAXoyRm9Hl0Clq559Zh4gPeyfODH_YWeV4F1lPW2F5lfpibZLyZszCLLJMPNb4zCuy5mcyi5E3o28qJWbj9AiJUxUzxp59SvUfAXpah16AR/s1600/p+kuadrat.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJkB-FG8R6bs5PZXYVxhM7ng9wozJQ6vpqSeAXoyRm9Hl0Clq559Zh4gPeyfODH_YWeV4F1lPW2F5lfpibZLyZszCLLJMPNb4zCuy5mcyi5E3o28qJWbj9AiJUxUzxp59SvUfAXpah16AR/s1600/p+kuadrat.png" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">Newton bisa menunjukkan bahwa hukum-hukum Kepler dapat diturunkan secara matematis dari hukum gravitasi universal dan hukum-hukum gerak. Dari persamaan hukum ketiga Kepler didapat :</span></span><o:p></o:p> <span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-tUYbrPwfQAXVq2ijYs_FZgiPWDraBDWaDo3SUTiuh2Q3QoVkCQVZWfq5MVteh9aLNjKYw_bFsHEYnKGoD4dyZFOyiPHHRTeCGV4vhUvfJ5HwUFWzAnuhmr3CYAA9WJvXSMWdmBJaXYJ_/s1600/keppler-newton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-tUYbrPwfQAXVq2ijYs_FZgiPWDraBDWaDo3SUTiuh2Q3QoVkCQVZWfq5MVteh9aLNjKYw_bFsHEYnKGoD4dyZFOyiPHHRTeCGV4vhUvfJ5HwUFWzAnuhmr3CYAA9WJvXSMWdmBJaXYJ_/s1600/keppler-newton.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8FxfqBQZPnMoRPV_CzP-bipLHnYlWf89z5-nPxyVTXO-KuYUGHuDZJ0H3fjW17hDch0rA-Eby-8vdUYpQXj-GkmRlasTo88KmOxhEsWaqx6X7UvszexMR_yVoSKAfsesIczB6UAUheXzG/s1600/keppler-newton2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8FxfqBQZPnMoRPV_CzP-bipLHnYlWf89z5-nPxyVTXO-KuYUGHuDZJ0H3fjW17hDch0rA-Eby-8vdUYpQXj-GkmRlasTo88KmOxhEsWaqx6X7UvszexMR_yVoSKAfsesIczB6UAUheXzG/s1600/keppler-newton2.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf1JXwYCMPU2eROKLjc2_U2AcZ8oWD0nd6mruJDAN9JPkq2jmaO1N4vlrIQ6gBG4QKK9pVGvdw83aMDks074K3r07N5nJKQfENVAoRfT9OW3kF4C2mWjZs6kTUA9cOhNOp0U3jCllYeI6S/s1600/keppler-newton5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf1JXwYCMPU2eROKLjc2_U2AcZ8oWD0nd6mruJDAN9JPkq2jmaO1N4vlrIQ6gBG4QKK9pVGvdw83aMDks074K3r07N5nJKQfENVAoRfT9OW3kF4C2mWjZs6kTUA9cOhNOp0U3jCllYeI6S/s1600/keppler-newton5.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">Begitu pula untuk T<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2<span style="font-size: small;">, sehingga diperoleh persamaan hukum III kepler :</span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi3G7knrXyPB7BTxguGqRQmrrA4nn8otK82lo7KAUqLReElAN7CB3lzPTxEdB8Bsub4w84G9Hp8Vu9riazjk7w2s2MC2SCWK0mnH4l01rO38ST-nUkvjv79Du3K0mkC-1VuAlennBi4rc5/s1600/keppler-newton3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi3G7knrXyPB7BTxguGqRQmrrA4nn8otK82lo7KAUqLReElAN7CB3lzPTxEdB8Bsub4w84G9Hp8Vu9riazjk7w2s2MC2SCWK0mnH4l01rO38ST-nUkvjv79Du3K0mkC-1VuAlennBi4rc5/s1600/keppler-newton3.jpg" /></a></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;"><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">II.1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">EVANGELISTA TORRICELLI<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-indent: -1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biografi dan Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;"><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evangelista Torricelli yang lahir tanggal 15 Oktober 1608 di Faenza, seorang fisikawan dan matematikawan Italia yang namanya kemudian mendunia untuk penemuanya Barometer. Ia meninggal pada tanggal 25 Oktober 1647 (umur 39) di </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Florance.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evangelista Torricelli adalah anak pasangan Gaspare Torricelli dengan Caterina Angetti. Anak sulung dari tiga anak pasangan suami istri ini hidup serba kekurangan karena Gaspare hanyalah seorang buruh pabrik tekstil. Melihat bakat Torricelli menonjol dan tidak mempunyai kemampuan untuk memberi pendidikan, kedua orang tuanya mengirim anak sulung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nya</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ini ke pamannya, Jacopo. Torricelli dididik sampai siap masuk sekolah Jesuit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Torricelli masuk sekolah Jesuit pada tahun 1624 dan belajar matematika dan filsafat selama dua tahun. Tidak diketahui dengan jelas kota tempat Torricelli belajar. Ketika Torricelli masih menuntut ilmu di sekolah ini, ayahnya meninggal. Ibunya bersama kedua adik lakinya pindah ke Roma dan diketahui Torricelli kemudian tinggal bersama mereka. Ibunya meninggal di Roma pada tahun 1641.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Torricelli menunjukkan kelebihannya saat kuliah di College Jesuit. Agar dapat berkembang, pamannya mengirim Torricelli untuk belajar pada paderi Benedetto Castelli. Profes</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">or</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Castelli adalah dosen universitas Sapienza di Roma. Meskipun tidak diketahui jelas, apakah Torricelli belajar di universitas itu, namun yang jelas bahawa Torricelli mendapat ilmu langsung dari Castelli. Pada masa ini Torricelli belajar matematika, mekanika, hidraulik dan astronomi dari Castelli, bahkan diangkat menjadi asisten Castelli (1626 – 1632). Mungkin menjadi asisten untuk mengganti biaya kuliah dan menjadi dosen pengganti apabila Castelli pergi ke luar kota.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diperkirakan pada masa i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tu</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Torricelli pernah menulis surat kepada Galileo yang berisikan penelitian saintifik yang dilakukannya. Kisah pertemuan Torricelli dengan Galileo ibarat pertemuan antara seorang pengagum dengan tokoh yang dikaguminya. Pada umur 30 tahun ia membaca buku karya Galileo dan merasa kagum. Ia menulis surat kepada Galileo pada tahun 1632, tetapi baru diundang oleh Galileo sembilan tahun kemudian, setelah Galileo terkesan akan tulisan Torricelli tentang gerak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ada tahun 1644</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Torricelli menerbitkan karya perdana <i><b><span style="color: black;">Opera geometrica</span></b></i>, disusul dengan <i><b><span style="color: black;">De motu gravium</span></b></i> yang lebih menarik. Di sini Torricelli mengembangkan penelitian Galileo tentang gerakan parabolik dari proyektil yang ada dalam karya Galileo yang berjudul Discourses yang telah terbit pada tahun 1638. Di Roma, pada awal tahun 1641, Torricelli meminta pendapat Castelli tentang <i><b><span style="color: black;">De motu gravium</span></b></i>. Setelah membaca, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">astelli terkesan, langsung menulis surat kepada Galileo yang pada saat itu terkena hukum diasingkan dan dalam pengawasan gereja namun tinggal di rumahnya di Arcetri, dekat Florence. Baru pertengahan tahun 1641, Castelli datang mengunjungi Galileo sambil membawa makalah Torricelli dan menyarankan agar Galileo mengangkat Torricelli sebagai asisten.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengingat pertemuan dan persinggungan kedua ilmuwan besar itu, di Florence dibuat patung Torricelli dan Galileo.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-indent: -1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penemuan- Penemuan dan Percobaan Torricelli<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Seperti halnya Galileo, Torricelli termasuk ilmuwan serba bisa. Penemu hidrodinamik dan mempelajari gerakan proyektil. Gagasan Galileo tentang lintasan proyektil dibuat teori dengan menghitung sudut-sudut lontaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Torricelli juga mahir sebagai pembuat peralatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, m</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">engasah lensa, membuat teleskop besar dan kecil, mikroskop sederhana yang dipelajarinya ketika masih dibimbing Galileo. Keahlian ini banyak mendatangkan uang baginya karena peralatan itu dibeli oleh kalangan bangsawan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ia memperbaiki mikroskop dan pendiriilmu hidrolik.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Torricelli juga mengemukakan teori-teori tentang percepatan dan gravitasi, gerakan cairan dan proyektif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada 1643 Torricelli membuat percobaan yang kemudian terkenal dengan nama "Percobaan Torricelli". Percobaan ini ia lakukan berdasarkan saran-saran Galileo yang ia terima sebelum meninggal.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk percobaannya ia menggunakan tabung kecil yang panjangnya satu meter dan air raksa. Tabung itu ia isi dengan air raksa sampai penuh lalu lubangnya ia tutup dengan jari.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung itu ia balikkan dan ujungnya dicelupkan ke dalam bejana berisi air raksa pula. Kemudian jari penutup tabung ia lepaskan dari tabung. Air raksa dalam tabung turun dan menimbulkan ruang hampa udara. Ruang hampa ini kemudian terkenal dengan nama </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">“</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ruang hampa Torricelli</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">”</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Ia mengukur tinggi air raksa dalam bejana. Tingginya te</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">rn</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yata 76 sentimeter.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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</style><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selama beberapa hari Torriceli mengamati bahwa tinggi air raksa dalam tabung selalu berubah-ubah. Akhirnya ia tahu bahwa hal itu disebabkan oleh tekanan udara. Tekanan air raksa setinggi 76 sentimeter itu kemudian disebut tekanan satu atmosfer.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 63.8pt;"><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cacer%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><style>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Torricelli menyadari berat dari udara di atmosfir menekan air raksa di kebawah. Tekanan ini mendorong air raksa dalam tabung naik. Berat dari air raksa dalam tabung haruslah sama dengan berat atmosfir yang menekan ke bawah terhadap air raksa dalam tabung. Ketika berat atmosfir berubah, maka gaya menekan ke bawah juga akan berubah sedikit lebih besar atau kecil dibandingkan pada air raksa dalam tabung dan membuat air di dalam tabungnya sedikit naik atau turun. Dengan demikian Torricelli telah menemukan tekanan atmosfir dan jalan mengukur dan mempelajarinya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV">Hart, Michael H.1982. <i>Seratus Tokoh yang Paling Berpengaruh dalam Sejarah</i>. Jakarta:<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV"> PT. Dunia Pustaka Jaya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="SV">Peddusa, M Amin Ganda. 1998. </span><i><span lang="FI">Sejarah Fisika 1</span></i><span lang="FI">. jogjakarta: FP MIPA_IKIP Jokjakarta.</span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>LauraJutexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07660422417062604739noreply@blogger.com1